Organ-specific drug delivery

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Chapter: Pharmaceutical Drugs and Dosage: Organ-specific drug delivery

Drug delivery in a selective manner to a biological target, such as an organ, tissue, cells, or intracellular organelles, is called targeted drug delivery.


Organ-specific drug delivery

Introduction

Drug delivery in a selective manner to a biological target, such as an organ, tissue, cells, or intracellular organelles, is called targeted drug delivery. Targeted drug delivery is achieved by ensuring high drug concentration in a target organ or tissue through the systemic circulation. In other words, a drug is delivered systemically or is absorbed into the systemic circula-tion, first—before accumulating at the target site of action. This modality is exemplified by the intravenous administration of a liposomal delivery system of a cytotoxic drug such that the drug distribution into the kidney is avoided, thus minimizing the renal side effects of the drug.

This modality is distinguished from localized drug therapy, wherein the drug is not intended to reach systemic circulation. The drug is administered or applied locally for local action. This modality is exemplified by localized application of an antibiotic on a skin laceration or infection.

A third modality is the utilization of different organs or organ systems to enable drug absorption into the systemic circulation. For example, transdermal or sublingual drug delivery is intended for drug absorption into the systemic circulation. These aspects are generally covered under alternate routes of drug delivery.

Often, however, route of drug administration or organ for drug delivery may be utilized for drug delivery for localized action as well as drug deliv-ery to the systemic circulation, depending on the pathological condition and the therapeutic need. For example, pulmonary drug administration of steroids is utilized for localized anti-inflammatory action, whereas pulmo-nary insulin administration is intended for systemic delivery. There are also cases where parenteral nanoparticulate drug administration is targeted for drug delivery to the lung.

Therefore, this chapter provides an integrated discussion of various organs and tissues utilized either as alternate routes for drug delivery to the systemic circulation or as organ or tissue drug targets, either by local or after systemic administration.

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