Pharmaceutical Chemistry

 

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY – THEORY

 

Course Code: ER20-12T

 

Scope: This course is designed to impart basic knowledge on the chemical structure, storage conditions and medicinal uses of organic and inorganic chemical substances used as drugs and pharmaceuticals. Also, this course discusses the impurities, quality control aspects of chemical substances used in pharmaceuticals.

 

Course Objectives: This course will discuss the following aspects of the chemical substances used as drugs and pharmaceuticals for various disease conditions

1. Chemical classification, chemical name, chemical structure

2. Pharmacological uses, doses, stability and storage conditions

3. Different types of formulations / dosage form available and their brand names

4. Impurity testing and basic quality control tests

 

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to

1. Describe the chemical class, structure and chemical name of the commonly used drugs and pharmaceuticals of both organic and inorganic nature

2. Discuss the pharmacological uses, dosage regimen, stability issues and storage conditions of all such chemical substances commonly used as drugs

3. Describe the quantitative and qualitative analysis, impurity testing of the chemical substances given in the official monographs

4. Identify the dosage form & the brand names of the drugs and pharmaceuticals popular in the marketplace

 

1.

Introduction to Pharmaceutical chemistry: Scope and objectives

Sources and types of errors: Accuracy, precision, significant figures

Impurities in Pharmaceuticals: Source and effect of impurities in Pharmacopoeial substances, importance of limit test, Principle and procedures of Limit tests for chlorides, sulphates, iron, heavy metals and arsenic.

 

2.

Volumetric analysis: Fundamentals of volumetric analysis, Acid-base titration, non-aqueous titration, precipitation titration, complexometric titration, redox titration

Gravimetric analysis: Principle and method.

 

3.

Inorganic Pharmaceuticals: Pharmaceutical formulations, market preparations, storage conditions and uses of

• Haematinics: Ferrous sulphate, Ferrous fumarate, Ferric ammonium citrate, Ferrous ascorbate, Carbonyl iron

• Gastro-intestinal Agents: Antacids :Aluminium hydroxide gel, Magnesium hydroxide, Magaldrate, Sodium bicarbonate, Calcium Carbonate, Acidifying agents, Adsorbents, Protectives, Cathartics

• Topical agents: Silver Nitrate, Ionic Silver, Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Hydrogen peroxide, Boric acid, Bleaching powder, Potassium permanganate

• Dental products: Calcium carbonate, Sodium fluoride, Denture cleaners, Denture adhesives, Mouth washes

• Medicinal gases: Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, oxygen 7

 

4.

Introduction to nomenclature of organic chemical systems with particular reference to heterocyclic compounds containing up to Three rings

Study of the following category of medicinal compounds with respect to classification, chemical name, chemical structure (compounds marked with*) uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulations and their popular brand names

 

5.

Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System

• Anaesthetics: Thiopental Sodium*, Ketamine Hydrochloride*, Propofol

• Sedatives and Hypnotics: Diazepam*, Alprazolam*, Nitrazepam, Phenobarbital*

• Antipsychotics: Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride*, Haloperidol*, Risperidone*, Sulpiride*, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Lurasidone

• Anticonvulsants: Phenytoin*, Carbamazepine*, Clonazepam, Valproic Acid*, Gabapentin*, Topiramate, Vigabatrin, Lamotrigine

• Anti-Depressants: Amitriptyline Hydrochloride*, Imipramine Hydrochloride*, Fluoxetine*, Venlafaxine, Duloxetine, Sertraline, Citalopram, Escitalopram, Fluvoxamine, Paroxetine 9

 

6.

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System

• Sympathomimetic Agents: Direct Acting: Nor-Epinephrine*, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine, Dopamine*, Terbutaline, Salbutamol (Albuterol), Naphazoline*, Tetrahydrozoline.

Indirect Acting Agents: Hydroxy Amphetamine, Pseudoephedrine. Agents With Mixed Mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol

• Adrenergic Antagonists: Alpha Adrenergic Blockers: Tolazoline, Phentolamine

• Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin. Beta Adrenergic Blockers: Propranolol*, Atenolol*, Carvedilol

• Cholinergic Drugs and Related Agents: Direct Acting Agents: Acetylcholine*, Carbachol, And Pilocarpine. Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Neostigmine*, Edrophonium Chloride, Tacrine Hydrochloride, Pralidoxime Chloride, Echothiopate Iodide

• Cholinergic Blocking Agents: Atropine Sulphate*, Ipratropium Bromide

Synthetic Cholinergic Blocking Agents: Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride, Clidinium Bromide, Dicyclomine Hydrochloride*

 

7.

Drugs Acting on Cardiovascular System

• Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs: Quinidine Sulphate, Procainamide Hydrochloride, Verapamil, Phenytoin Sodium*, Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Lorcainide Hydrochloride, Amiodarone and Sotalol

• Anti-Hypertensive Agents: Propranolol*, Captopril*, Ramipril, Methyldopate Hydrochloride, Clonidine Hydrochloride, Hydralazine Hydrochloride, Nifedipine,

• Antianginal Agents: Isosorbide Dinitrate

 

8.

Diuretics: Acetazolamide, Frusemide*, Bumetanide, Chlorthalidone, Benzthiazide, Metolazone, Xipamide, Spironolactone 2

 

9.

Hypoglycemic Agents: Insulin and Its Preparations, Metformin*, Glibenclamide*, Glimepiride, Pioglitazone, Repaglinide, Gliflozins, Gliptins 3

 

10.

Analgesic And Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Morphine Analogues, Narcotic Antagonists;

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (NSAIDs) - Aspirin*, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen*, Piroxicam, Celecoxib, Mefenamic Acid, Paracetamol*, Aceclofenac 3

 

11.

Anti-Infective Agents

• Antifungal Agents: Amphotericin-B, Griseofulvin, Miconazole, Ketoconazole*, Itraconazole, Fluconazole*, Naftifine Hydrochloride

• Urinary Tract Anti-Infective Agents: Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin*, Moxifloxacin,

• Anti-Tubercular Agents: INH*, Ethambutol, Para Amino Salicylic Acid, Pyrazinamide, Rifampicin, Bedaquiline, Delamanid, Pretomanid*

• Antiviral Agents: Amantadine Hydrochloride, Idoxuridine, Acyclovir*, Foscarnet, Zidovudine, Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Favipiravir

• Antimalarials: Quinine Sulphate, Chloroquine Phosphate*, Primaquine Phosphate, Mefloquine*, Cycloguanil, Pyrimethamine, Artemisinin

• Sulfonamides: Sulfanilamide, Sulfadiazine, Sulfametho

xazole, Sulfacetamide*, Mafenide Acetate, Cotrimoxazole, Dapsone*

 

12.

Antibiotics: Penicillin G, Amoxicillin*, Cloxacillin, Streptomycin,

Tetracyclines: Doxycycline, Minocycline,

Macrolides: Erythromycin, Azithromycin,

Miscellaneous: Chloramphenicol* Clindamycin 8

 

13.

Anti-Neoplastic Agents: Cyclophosphamide*, Busulfan, Mercaptopurine, Fluorouracil*, Methotrexate, Dactinomycin, Doxorubicin Hydrochloride, Vinblastine

Sulphate, Cisplatin*, Dromostanolone Propionate