Pharmaceutical Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry - Practical

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

The Human Organism:

• Anatomy
• Physiology
• Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body
• Characteristics of Life
• Microbesin Your Body
• Homeostasis
• Terminology and the Body Plan

The chemical basis of life:

• Basic Chemistry
• Chemical reactions - Human Organism
• Acids and Bases
• Inorganic Molecules
• Organic Molecules

Cell Structures and their Functions:

• Cell Structure
• Function of the cell
• Structure of the Cell membrane
• Movement through the cell membrane
• Organelles - Cell Structures and their Functions
• Whole cell activity
• Cellular aspects of aging

Tissues:

• Tissues and Histology
• Epithelial Tissue
• Functions of Epithelia
• Classification of Epithelia
• Connective tissue
• Functions of Connective Tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Nervous tissue
• Tissue membranes
• Tissue damage and inflammation
• Tissue repair
• Effects of aging on tissues

Integumentary System:

• Functions of the Integumentary System
• Skin
• Subcutaneous Tissue
• Accessory skin structures
• Physiology of the integumentary system
• Integumentary system as a diagnostic Aid
• Burns: Classify burns on the basis of the amount of skin damage produced
• Skin Cancer
• Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System

Skeletal System Bones and Joints:

• Functions of the Skeletal System
• Extracellular Matrix
• General Features of Bone
• Bone and calcium homeostasis
• General Considerations of Bone Anatomy
• Axial Skeleton
• Appendicular Skeleton
• Joints
• Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and Joints

Muscular System:

• Functions of the Muscular System
• Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle
• Skeletal Muscle Structure
• Excitability of Muscle Fibers
• Nerve Supply and Muscle fiber Stimulation
• Muscle Contraction
• Energy Requirements for Muscle Contraction
• Fatigue
• Effect of Fiber Type on Activity Level
• Smooth Muscle and Cardiac Muscle
• General Principles - Skeletal Muscle Anatomy
• Nomenclature - Skeletal Muscle Anatomy
• Muscles of the head and Neck
• Trunk Muscles
• Upper limb Muscles
• Lower Limb Muscles
• Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle

Nervous System:

• Functions of the Nervous System
• Divisions of the Nervous System
• Cells of the Nervous System
• Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways
• Resting Membrane Potential - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways
• Action Potentials - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways
• The Synapse - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways
• Reflexes - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways
• Neuronal Pathways - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways
• Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
• Spinal Cord and Spinal Cord Reflexes
• Spinal Nerves
• Brain Anatomy
• Sensory Functions
• Motor Functions: Motor Areas Of The Cerebral Cortex, Descending tracts, Cerebellum
• Communication Between the right and Left hemispheres - Brain Functions
• Speech - Brain Functions
• Brain waves and Consciousness - Brain Functions
• Memory - Brain Functions
• Limbic system and emotions - Brain Functions
• Meninges - Nervous System
• Ventricles - Nervous System
• Cerebrospinal fluid - Nervous System
• Cranial Nerves
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Enteric Nervous System
• Effects of Aging on the Nervous System

Senses:

• Sensation
• Sensory Receptors
• General Senses
• Special Senses
• Olfaction
• Taste
• Vision
• Accessory Structures of the Eye
• Anatomy of the Eye
• Functions of the Eye
• Neuronal Pathways for Vision
• Hearing and Balance
• Anatomy and function of the Ear
• Hearing - Ear
• Neuronal Pathways for Hearing
• Balance - Ear
• Neuronal Pathways for Balance - Ear
• Effects of Aging on the Senses

Endocrine System:

• Principles of Chemical Communication
• Functions of the Endocrine System
• Characteristics of the Endocrine System
• Chemical Nature of Hormones
• Control of Hormone Secretion
• Hormone Receptors and Mechanisms of Action
• Pituitary and hypothalamus - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
• Thyroid Gland - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
• Parathyroid Glands - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
• Adrenal Glands - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
• Pancreas, Insulin, and Diabetes - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
• Testes and Ovaries - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
• Thymus and Pineal Gland - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
• Other Hormones
• Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System

Blood:

• Functions of Blood
• Composition of Blood
• Plasma
• Formed Elements - Blood
• Preventing Blood Loss
• Blood Grouping
• ABO Blood Group
• Rh Blood Group
• Diagnostic Blood Tests

Heart:

• Functions of the Heart
• Size, Form, and Location of the Heart
• Anatomy of the Heart
• Heart valves
• Route of Blood Flow Through the Heart
• Blood Supply to the Heart
• Histology of the Heart
• Electrical Activity of the Heart
• Cardiac Cycle
• Heart Sounds
• Regulation of Heart Function
• Effects of Aging on the Heart

Blood Vessels and Circulation:

• Functions of the Circulatory System
• General Features of Blood Vessel Structure
• Blood Vessels of the Pulmonary Circulation
• Blood Vessels of the Systemic Circulation: Arteries
• Blood Vessels of the Systemic Circulation: Veins
• Physiology of Circulation
• Control of Blood Flow in Tissues
• Regulation of Arterial Pressure
• Effects of Aging on the Blood Vessels

Lymphatic System and Immunity:

• Functions of the Lymphatic System
• Anatomy of the Lymphatic System
• Immunity
• Innate Immunity
• Adaptive Immunity
• Origin and Development of Lymphocytes
• Activation and Multiplication of Lymphocytes
• Antibody-mediated immunity
• Cell-Mediated Immunity
• Acquired Immunity
• Overview of Immune Interactions
• Immunotherapy
• Effects of Aging on the Lymphatic System and Immunity

Respiratory System:

• Functions of the Respiratory System
• Anatomy of the Respiratory System
• Nose - Anatomy of the Respiratory System
• Pharynx - Anatomy of the Respiratory System
• Larynx - Anatomy of the Respiratory System
• Trachea - Anatomy of the Respiratory System
• Bronchi - Anatomy of the Respiratory System
• Lungs - Anatomy of the Respiratory System
• Pleural Cavities - Anatomy of the Respiratory System
• Lymphatic Supply - Anatomy of the Respiratory System
• Ventilation and Respiratory Volumes
• Changing thoracic Volume
• Lung Recoil
• Changing Alveolar Volume
• Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
• Gas Exchange - Respiratory System
• Gas Transport in the Blood
• Rhythmic Breathing
• Generation of Rhythmic Breathing
• Nervous and Chemical Control of Breathing
• Effect of Exercise on Breathing
• Respiratory Adaptations to Exercise
• Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System

Digestive System:

• Functions of the Digestive System
• Anatomy and Histology of the Digestive System
• Anatomy of Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus
• Anatomy of the oral Cavity
• Saliva
• Swallowing - Digestive System
• Stomach
• Anatomy of the Stomach
• Secretions of the Stomach
• Regulation of Stomach Secretions
• Movement in the Stomach
• Anatomy of the Small intestine
• Secretions of the Small intestine
• Movement and Absorption in the Small Intestine
• Anatomy of the liver
• Functions of the Liver
• Anatomy and Functions of the Pancreas
• Anatomy of the large intestine
• Functions of the Large Intestine
• Digestion, Absorption, and Transport in Digestive System
• Effects of Aging on the Digestive System

Nutrition Metabolism and body Temperature Regulation:

• Nutrition and Nutrients
• Kilocalories
• Carbohydrates - Human Nutrition
• Lipids - Human Nutrition
• Proteins - Human Nutrition
• Vitamins - Human Nutrition
• Minerals - Human Nutrition
• Daily Values - Human Nutrition
• Metabolism
• Regulation of Metabolism
• Carbohydrate Metabolism
• Lipid Metabolism
• Protein Metabolism
• Metabolic States
• Metabolic Rate
• Body Temperature Regulation

Urinary System and Fluid Balance:

• Functions of the Urinary System
• Anatomy of the Kidneys
• Urine Production
• Filtration - Urine Production
• Regulation of Filtration - Urine Production
• Tubular Reabsorption - Urine Production
• Tubular Secretion - Urine Production
• Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume
• Urine Movement
• Body Fluid Compartments
• Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Composition
• Regulation of Acid-Base Balance in Human Body

Reproductive System:

• Functions of the Reproductive System
• Formation of Gametes
• Male Reproductive System
• Physiology of Male Reproduction
• Regulation of Reproductive Hormone Secretion
• Puberty In Males
• Effects of Testosterone
• Male Sexual Behavior and The Male Sex Act
• Infertility in Males
• Female Reproductive System
• Ovaries - Female Reproductive System
• Oogenesis and Fertilization - Female Reproductive System
• Uterine tubes - Female Reproductive System
• Uterus - Female Reproductive System
• Vagina - Female Reproductive System
• Mammary Glands and Anatomy of the Breast - Female Reproductive System
• Physiology of Female Reproduction
• Puberty in Females
• Menstrual Cycle
• Female sexual Behavior and the Female sex act
• Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System

Development Heredity and aging:

• Prenatal Development
• Formation of the Germ - Prenatal Development
• Neural tube and neural Crest Formation - Prenatal Development
• Formation of the General Body structure - Prenatal Development
• Development of the Organ Systems - Prenatal Development
• Growth of the Fetus - Prenatal Development
• Parturition
• The Newborn
• Lactation
• First Year Following Birth
• Life Stages
• Genetics
• Genes
• Genetic Disorders and Counseling

Anatomy and Physiology Health Education (APHE)

SECTION I: LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION:

Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology:

• Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
• Organization Levels of the Body
• Essentials for Life
• Homeostasis
• Organization of the Body
• Summary

Chapter 2: Chemical Basics of Life:

• Chemical Basics of Life
• Basic Chemistry
• Atoms, Molecules, and Chemical Bonds
• Atomic Structure
• Molecules and Compounds
• Chemical Bonds
• Chemical Reactions
• Acids, Bases, and the pH Scale
• Biochemistry
• Inorganic Substances
• Organic Substances
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
• Enzymes and Enzyme Characteristics
• Adenosine Triphosphate
• Summary

Chapter 3: Cells:

• Cells
• Cell Membrane - Structure of the Cell
• Membrane Lipids and Membrane Proteins
• Cytoplasm (Cytosol, Organelles) Structure
• Structure of Endomembrane System and Cytoskeleton
• Structure of Nucleus
• Passive Cell Mechanisms
• Active Cell Mechanisms
• Cell Cycle
• Cell Cycle: Interphase
• Cell Cycle: Cell Division and Cytoplasmic Division
• Cell Cycle: Differentiation
• Cell Cycle: Cell Division and Cancer
• Summary

Chapter 4: Cellular Metabolism:

• Cellular Metabolism
• Metabolic Reactions
• Control of Metabolic Reactions
• Oxidation Reduction Reactions
• Chemical Energy
• Cellular Respiration and Metabolism of Carbohydrates
• Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
• Metabolic Pathways
• Glycogenesis
• Glycogenolysis
• Gluconeogenesis
• Metabolism of Lipids
• Metabolism of Proteins
• Summary

Chapter 5: Tissues:

• Tissues
• Types of Tissues
• Epithelial Tissues
• Connective Tissues
• Classifications of Connective Tissue
• Muscle Tissues
• Nervous or Neural Tissues
• Tissue Membranes
• Tissue Repair
• Effects of Aging on Various Tissues
• Summary on Tissues

SECTION II: SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT:

Chapter 6: Integumentary System:

• Integumentary System
• Skin
• Dermis - Skin
• Nails
• Hairs
• Glands in the Skin
• Functions of the Integumentary System
• Response of the Integument to Injuries and Wounds
• Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System
• Skin Cancer
• Burns
• Summary - Integumentary System

Chapter 7: Bone Tissues and the Skeletal System:

• Bone Tissues and the Skeletal System
• Classifications of Bones
• Structures of Bones
• Microscopic Anatomy (Bone Cells)
• Chemical Composition of Bone
• Growth and Development of Bones
• Functions of Bones
• Bone Homeostasis
• Bone Homeostatic Imbalance
• Axial Skeleton
• Pectoral Girdle - Appendicular Skeleton
• Pelvic Girdle - Appendicular Skeleton
• Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System
• Summary

Chapter 8: Articulations:

• Articulations
• Functional Classifications of Joints
• Fibrous Joints
• Cartilaginous Joints
• Synovial Joints
• Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
• Types of Synovial Joints
• Shoulder Joints
• Elbow Joints
• Hip Joints
• Knee Joints
• Temporomandibular Joints (TMJ)
• Types of Joint Movements
• Intervertebral Joints
• Intervertebral Ligaments
• Joint Injuries
• Effects of Aging on the Joints
• Summary

Chapter 9: Muscle Tissue:

• Muscle Tissue
• Classification of Muscle Tissues
• Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
• Functions of the Muscles
• Coverings of Connective Tissue
• Blood Supply and Nerve Attachments
• Structure of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
• Contraction Stimulus
• Neuromuscular Junction
• Action Potential
• Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Transverse Tubules
• Somatic Motor Neurons
• Motor Units
• Muscle Twitch
• Energy Sources for Contraction
• Smooth Muscle
• Effects of Aging on Muscle Tissue
• Summary on Muscle Tissue

Chapter 10: Muscular System:

• Muscular System
• Classification of the Muscle Fibers
• Types of Fibers
• Lever Systems
• Effects of Aging on the Muscular System
• Summary

SECTION III: Control and Coordination:

Chapter 11: Neural Tissue:

• Neural Tissue
• Divisions of the Nervous System
• Cells of the Nervous System
• Classification of Nerve Fibers
• Cell Membrane Potential
• Nerve Impulses
• Synapses
• Processing of Impulses
• Effects of Aging on the Nervous System
• Summary

Chapter 12: Central Nervous System:

• Central Nervous System
• The Brain
• Higher Brain Functions
• Brain Protection
• Spinal Cord
• Spinal Neuronal Pathways
• Imbalances of the CNS
• Effects of Aging on the Brain
• Summary

Chapter 13: Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity:

• Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity
• Sensory Receptors
• General Senses
• Peripheral Nerves:Cranial, Spinal Nerves
• Cranial Nerves
• Spinal Nerves
• Peripheral Motor Endings
• Somatic Nervous System
• Imbalances of the PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)
• Effects of Aging on the PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)
• Summary

Chapter 14: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS):

• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• Comparison of the Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System
• Major ANS(Autonomic Nervous System) Neurotransmitters
• Autonomic Nerve Fibers
• Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• Differences Between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
• Cholinergic Receptors
• Adrenergic Receptors
• Control of Autonomic Activity
• Somatic and Autonomic Function Overlap
• Higher Levels of Autonomic Control
• Imbalances of the ANS (Autonomic Nervous System)
• Effects of Aging on the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• Summary

Chapter 15: Special Senses:

• Special Senses
• Sense of Smell
• Sense of Taste
• Sense of Hearing
• Sense of Equilibrium
• Sense of Sight
• Effects of Aging on the Senses
• Summary

Chapter 16: Endocrine System:

• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Control of Hormones
• Pituitary Gland
• Thyroid Gland
• Parathyroid Glands
• Adrenal Glands
• Pineal Gland
• Other Glands, Organs, or Tissues
• Stress
• Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System
• Summary

SECTION IV: Transport:

Chapter 17: Blood:

• Blood
• Blood Functions
• Blood Components
• Plasma
• Erythrocytes
• Disorders of Erythrocytes
• Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs)
• Platelets or thrombocytes
• Hemostasis
• Blood Types and Transfusions
• Diagnostic Blood Tests
• Effects of Aging on the Blood
• Summary

Chapter 18: The Heart:

• The Heart
• Blood Circulation
• Structures of the Heart
• Functions of the Heart
• Effects of Aging on the Cardiovascular System
• Summary

Chapter 19: Vascular System:

• Vascular System
• Blood Vessel Structure
• Arterial System
• Capillaries
• Venous System
• Vascular Anastomoses
• Blood Circulation
• Blood Pressure
• Neural Controls of Blood Vessels
• Blood Vessel Pathways and Divisions
• Aorta and Its Branches
• Veins and Their Branches
• Effects of Aging on the Vascular System
• Summary

Chapter 20: Lymphatic System and Immunity:

• Lymphatic System and Immunity
• Organization of the Lymphatic System
• Body Defenses and Fighting Infection
• Innate (Nonspecific) Defenses
• Adaptive (Specific) Defenses
• B and T Lymphocytes Related to the Adaptive Immune Response
• Humoral Immune Response
• Antibodies
• Cellular Immune Response
• Major Effector T Cells
• Imbalance of Immune System Homeostasis
• Hypersensitivities
• Effects of Aging on the Lymphatic System and Immunity
• Summary

SECTION V: Environmental Exchange:

Chapter 21: Respiratory System:

• Respiratory System
• Respiratory System Functions
• Organization of the Respiratory System
• Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
• The Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes
• The Respiratory Muscles
• Gas Exchange
• Control of Breathing
• Factors of Respiratory Rate and Depth
• Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System
• Summary

Chapter 22: Urinary System:

• Urinary System
• Anatomy of the Kidneys
• Internal Kidney Anatomy
• Structures of the Nephron
• Formation of Urine
• Glomerular Filtration
• Tubular Reabsorption
• Tubular Secretion
• Composition of Urine
• Ureters
• Urinary Bladder
• Urethra
• Effects of Aging on the Urinary System
• Summary

Chapter 23: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid Base Balance:

• Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid Base Balance
• Body Fluid Distribution
• Fluid Balance
• Fluid Intake and Output
• Electrolyte Balance
• Acid-Base Balance
• Acid-Base Imbalances
• Effects of Aging on Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
• Summary

Chapter 24: Digestive System:

• Digestive System
• Alimentary Canal
• Functions of the Digestive System
• Movement of Digestive Materials
• Mouth
• Salivary Glands
• Teeth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small Intestine
• Liver
• Gallbladder
• Pancreas
• Large Intestine
• Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients
• Effects of Aging on the Digestive System
• Summary

SECTION VI: Continuity of Life:

Chapter 25: Reproductive System:

• Reproductive System
• Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
• Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
• Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
• Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
• Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
• Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System
• Summary

Chapter 26: Pregnancy and Development:

• Pregnancy and Development
• Fertilization
• Prenatal Development
• Parturition (Birth)
• Postnatal Development: Lactation
• Summary

Chapter 27: Heredity:

• Heredity
• Genes
• Genetic Variation
• Patterns of Inheritance
• Heredity: Environmental Factors
• Heredity: Gender-Related Factors
• Genetic Screening
• Summary

Pathology

Fundamentals of Pathology:

• Overview of Pathology

Cellular Injury and Adaptation:

• Causes of Cellular Injury
• Cellular Changes During Injury
• Cell Death
• Cellular Adaptive Responses to Injury
• Other Cellular Alterations During Injury

Inflammation:

• Acute Inflammation
• Chronic Inflammation
• Tissue Responses to Infectious Agents

Tissue Repair:

• Regeneration and Healing
• Aberrations in Wound Healing

Circulatory Pathology:

• EDEMA
• Hemostasis and Bleeding Disorders
• Thrombosis
• Embolism
• Infarction
• Shock

Genetic Disorders:

• Disorders Involving an Extra Autosome
• Disorders Involving Chromosomal Deletions
• Disorders Involving Sex Chromosomes
• Disorders of Sexual Development (DSD)
• Mendelian Disorders
• Autosomal Recessive Disorders
• Autosomal Dominant Disorders
• X-Linked Recessive Conditions
• X-Linked Dominant Conditions
• Triplet Repeat Mutations
• Genomic Imprinting
• Mitochondrial DNA Disorders
• Multifactorial Inheritance

Immunopathology:

• Hypersensitivity Reactions
• Autoimmune Diseases
• Primary Immune Deficiency Syndromes
• Secondary Immune Deficiency Syndromes
• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
• Immunology of Transplant Rejection

Amyloidosis:

• Composition of Amyloid
• Systemic Types of Amyloid
• Localized Types of Amyloid
• Amyloidosis: Clinical Features

Principles of Neoplasia:

• Principles of Neoplasia: Definition, Epidemiology
• Carcinogenic Agents
• Carcinogenesis
• Diagnosis of Cancer

Skin Pathology:

• Disorders of Pigmentation
• Melanocytic Tumors
• Epidermal and Dermal Lesions
• Malignant Tumors

Red Blood Cell Pathology Anemias:

• Red Blood Cell Morphology
• Anemias
• Microcytic Anemias
• Normocytic Anemias
• Macrocytic Anemias
• Polycythemia Vera

Vascular Pathology:

• The Vasculitides
• Raynaud Disease Versus Phenomenon
• Arteriosclerosis
• Hypertension (HTN)
• Aneurysms and Arteriovenous Fistulas
• Venous Disease
• Vascular Neoplasms

Cardiac Pathology:

• Ischemic Heart Disease
• Congestive Heart Failure
• Valvular Heart Disease
• Myocarditis
• Congenital Heart Disease
• Primary Cardiomyopathies (Diagnosis of Exclusion)
• Carcinoid Heart Disease
• Cardiac Tumors
• Pericardial Disease

Respiratory Pathology:

• Congenital Cystic Lung Lesions
• Atelectasis
• Pulmonary Infections
• Sarcoidosis
• Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
• Infiltrative Restrictive Lung Diseases(Diffuse Interstitial Diseases)
• Vascular Disorders
• Pulmonary Neoplasia
• Laryngeal Cancer
• Diseases of the Pleural Cavity

Renal Pathology:

• Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney
• Cystic Disease
• Glomerular Diseases
• Primary Glomerulopathies (Nephritic Syndrome)
• Primary Glomerulopathies (Nephrotic)
• Secondary Glomerulonephritis
• Chronic Glomerulonephritis
• Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
• Acute Tubular Injury
• Urolithiasis
• Chronic Renal Failure
• Vascular Disorders of the Kidney
• Tumors of the Kidney
• Obstructive Disorders of the Urinary System
• Ureteral Disorders
• Urinary Bladder Pathology

Gastrointestinal Tract Pathology:

• Esophagus
• Pathology: Stomach
• Small and Large Intestines

Pancreatic Pathology:

• Congenital Anomalies of the Pancreas
• Inflammation of the Pancreas
• Pancreatic Tumors

Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Pathology:

• Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)
• Gallbladder: Inflammatory Conditions
• Gallbladder: Miscellaneous Conditions
• Biliary Tract Cancer

Liver Pathology:

• Liver Dysfunction
• Jaundice
• Cirrhosis
• Viral Hepatitis
• Amebic Liver Abscess
• Alcoholic Liver Disease
• Metabolic Liver Disease
• Hemodynamic Liver Diseases
• Liver Tumors

Central Nervous System Pathology:

• Infections - Central Nervous System
• Cerebrovascular Disease
• CNS Trauma And Herniations
• Developmental Abnormalities and Perinatal Brain Injury
• Demyelinating Disorders
• Degenerative and Dementing Disorders
• CNS Tumors

Hematopoetic Pathology White Blood Cell Disorders and Lymphoid and Myeloid Neoplasms:

• Reactive Changes in White Blood Cells
• Lymphoid Neoplasms
• Mature B-Cell Neoplasms
• Peripheral T-Cell and Natural Killer Cell Neoplasms
• Hodgkin Lymphoma
• Acute Leukemias
• B and T Lymphoblastic Lymphoma/Leukemia
• Myeloid Neoplasms
• Diseases of Histiocytes and Dendritic Cells
• Mast Cell Diseases
• Diseases of the Spleen and Thymus

Female Genital Pathology:

• Vulva - Pathology
• Vagina - Pathology
• Cervix - Pathology
• Uterus - Pathology
• Ovary - Pathology
• Placenta - Pathology

Breast Pathology:

• Mastitis
• Fibrocystic Changes
• Benign Neoplasms
• Malignant Neoplasms
• Gynecomastia - Pathology

Male Pathology:

• Penis - Pathology
• Testes - Pathology
• Testicular Cancer
• Prostate

Endocrine Pathology:

• Thyroid Gland - Pathology
• Parathyroid Glands - Pathology
• Pituitary Gland, Hypothalamus, and Pineal Gland - Pathology
• Adrenal Gland - Pathology
• Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
• Diabetes Mellitus

Bone Pathology:

• Normal Bone - Pathology
• Hereditary Bone Disorders
• Paget Disease
• Osteoporosis
• Osteomalacia and Rickets
• Osteomyelitis
• Miscellaneous Bone Disorders
• Benign Tumors of Bone
• Malignant Tumors of Bone

Joint Pathology:

• Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies
• Arthritis Related to Crystal Deposition
• Infectious Arthritis
• Neuropathic Arthropathy (Charcot Joint)

Skeletal Muscle and Peripheral Nerve Pathology:

• Inflammatory Myopathies
• Myasthenic Syndromes
• Muscular Dystrophy
• Inflammatory Neuropathy
• Soft Tissue and Peripheral Nerve Tumors

 

BP111P:

Pharmaceutical Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (Practical)

 

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

The objectives of this course are to:

1. Gain practical knowledge on various volumetric titration techniques.

2. Learn the principles of volumetric analysis.

3. Study the preparation and assessment of inorganic compounds.

4. Determine the assay of various inorganic compounds in pharmaceutical use.

5. Develop analytical skill for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of various inorganic compounds.

 

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO):

Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to:

1. Perform limit tests to detect and identify impurities in pharmaceutical substances.

2. Prepare various pharmaceutical inorganic compounds following standard procedures.

3. Analyze the significance of quality control in pharmaceutical products and raw materials.

4. Demonstrate proficiency in titrimetric analysis using different volumetric techniques.

5. Competence in applying analytical skills to qualitative and quantitative data.

 

Detailed Syllabus:

 

List of practical

1. Limit tests (Any 4 Experiments) a. Limit test and modified limit test for Chloride as per Indian Pharmacopoeia b. Limit test and modified limit test for sulphate as per Indian Pharmacopoeia c. Limit test for Iron d. Limit test for Lead e. Limit test for arsenic

2. Preparation of inorganic pharmaceuticals (Any 3 Experiments) a. Preparation of Aluminium hydroxide b. Preparation of potash alum c. Preparation of ferrous sulphate

d. Preparation of Magnesium sulphate from magnesium hydroxide or magnesium carbonate

3. Test for Purity (Any 2 Experiments) a. Assessment of swelling power of bentonite as per Indian Pharmacopoeia b. Evaluation of acid neutralizing capacity of aluminium hydroxide gel c. Determination of potassium iodate and iodine in potassium Iodide

4. Assay of the following inorganic compounds including standardization of titrant (Any 5 Experiments) a. Assay of ammonium chloride by acid base titration, b. Assay of Ferrous sulphate by Cerimetry, c. Assay of Copper sulphate by Iodometry, d. Assay of Calcium gluconate by Complexometry, e. Assay of Hydrogen peroxide by Permanganometry, f. Assay of Sodium benzoate by non-aqueous titration, g. Assay of Sodium Chloride by precipitation titration (Modified Volhard’s method)

 

Recommended References (Preferably Latest Editions):

1. Bentley, R. and Driver, J., Bentley and Driver’s Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

2. Vogel, A.I., Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.

3. Beckett, A.H. and Stenlake, J.B., Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Part I & II. London: The Athlone Press, University of London.

4. Kennedy, J.H., Analytical Chemistry: Principles. New York: Saunders College Publishing.

5. Schroff, M.L., Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry. New Delhi: Oxford Book Company.

6. Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Indian Pharmacopoeia. Ghaziabad, India.