Pharmaceutical Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry

Radioactive Compounds and Their Clinical Application:

• Radioactive Compounds and Their Clinical Application
• What is radioactivity?
• Radiopharmacy: dispensing and protection
• Therapeutic use of radiopharmaceuticals
• Radiopharmaceuticals for imaging
• Exercises and Case studies

BP106T:

Pharmaceutical Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (Theory) 

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

The objectives of this course are to:

1. Understand the importance of errors, impurities in pharmaceuticals.

2. Comprehend the principles of buffer systems.

3. Develop skills in performing and interpreting limit tests and titrimetric analysis.

4. Emphasize the importance of inorganic compounds and radiopharmaceuticals in Pharmacy

5. Explain synthesis and analysis of inorganic compounds/products of pharmaceutical importance

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO):

Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to:

1. Identify sources and types of errors in pharmaceutical analysis, and impurities products

2. Apply concepts of acid-base chemistry, buffer systems with importance of electrolytes

3. Describe and differentiate various analytical techniques used in pharmaceutical analysis, including titrimetric methods, and their specific applications in quality assessment.

4. Analyze the properties, mechanisms, and therapeutic uses of gastrointestinal agents, radiopharmaceuticals, expectorants, antidotes, and other pharmaceutical compounds, illustrating their roles in therapy and safety considerations.

5. Describe the drugs used in expectorants, emetics, haemintics, poison and antidote and astringents.

Detailed Syllabus:

Unit I

Introduction to pharmaceutical analysis

Different techniques of analysis, Methods of expressing strength of solutions, Primary and secondary standards with examples.

Errors

Sources of errors, types of errors, methods of minimizing errors, accuracy, precision and significant figures.

Impurities

Definition, types, contents and regulatory importance. Sources and types of impurities in Pharmaceuticals, limit tests for chloride, sulphate, iron, arsenic, lead, heavy metals, and modified limit test for chloride and sulphate.

Unit II

Acid-Base Chemistry and Buffer Systems in Pharmacy

Definition of acids, bases, buffers, pH Scale and its significance, Buffer equation, calculation of pH for Buffer solution. Isotonicity and its application in IV Fluids and Ophthalmic Solutions.

Major extra and intracellular electrolytes

Functions of major physiological ions, Electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium chloride*, Potassium chloride, Calcium chloride and Oral Rehydration Salt (ORS), Physiological acid base balance.

Unit III

Acid base titrations

Theories of acid base indicators, classification of acid base titrations. Preparation and standardization of titrants viz. hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. Theory involved in titrations of strong, weak, and very weak acids and bases, neutralization curves. Assay of Ammonium hydroxide.

Non-aqueous titrations

Types of solvents used, acidimetric and alkalimetric titration using non-aqueous solvents. Preparation and standardization of acidic and basic titrants. Estimation of weakly acidic and basic substances using non-aqueous titrants, estimation of Sodium benzoate.

Precipitation titrations and gravimetry

Principle and steps involved in gravimetric analysis, Mohr’s method, Volhard’s, Modified Volhard’s, Fajans method. Estimation of barium sulphate by gravimetry.

Complexometric titrations

Classification, metal ion indicators, masking and demasking reagents, preparation and standardization of disodium EDTA. Estimation of Magnesium sulphate and Calcium gluconate*.

Redox titrations

Concepts of oxidation and reduction, Types of redox titrations viz. Permanganometry, Cerimetry, Iodimetry, Iodometry and titrations with potassium iodate.

Unit IV 

Gastrointestinal agents

Acidifiers: Sodium acid phosphate and Dilute Hydrochloric acid. Antacids: Ideal properties of antacids, combinations of antacids, Sodium bicarbonate*, Aluminium hydroxide gel*.

Agents promote bowel movements: Magnesium hydroxide, Sodium orthophosphate, Sodium Potassium tartrate and magnesium trisilicate. Antimicrobials: Mechanism, classification, Potassium permanganate, Boric acid, Hydrogen peroxide*, Chlorinated lime*, Iodine and its preparations.

Radiopharmaceuticals

Basics of radioactivity, applications of radioisotopes of Sodium Iodide I-131, Technetium-99m, Cobalt-60, Phosphorus-32 including safe handling, storage, and disposal of radiopharmaceuticals, adhering to regulatory guidelines for safety.

Unit V

Miscellaneous Compounds

Expectorants: Potassium iodide, Ammonium chloride*. 

Emetics: Copper sulphate*, Sodium potassium tartrate. 

Haematinics: Ferroussulphate*,Ferrousgluconate. 

Poison and Antidote: Definition, classification of antidotes, Sodium thiosulphate

Recommended References (Preferably latest editions):

1. Bentley, R. and Driver, J., Bentley and Driver's Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

2. Vogel, A.I., Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.

3. Beckett, A.H. and Stenlake, J.B., Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Part I & II. London: The Athlone Press, University of London.

4. Schroff, M.L., Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry. New Delhi: Oxford Book Company.

5. Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Indian Pharmacopoeia. Ghaziabad, India.