Quinolone Antibacterials : i. Nalidixic acid ii. Fluoroquinolones iii. Ciprofloxacin iv. Ofloxacin v. Pefloxacin
Properties and uses: Nalidixic acid is a white or pale yellow
crystalline powder, practically insoluble in water, soluble in methylene
chloride, slightly soluble in acetone, alcohol, and dilute solutions of alkali
hydroxides. It is particularly effective against gram-negative bacteria that
cause urinary tract infection. Nalidixic acid is biotransformed into hydroxy
methyl derivative at the 7-methyl group, which is also active. A low incidence
of adverse effects observed includes gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances,
rashes, drowsiness, headache, and visual disturbances.
Assay: Dissolve the sample in methylene chloride and add 2-propanol and
carbon dioxide-free water and pass nitrogen through the solution throughout the
titration by maintaining a temperature between 15°C and 20°C and titrate
against 0.1 M ethanolic sodium hydroxide. Determine the end point
potentiometrically.
Dosage forms: Nalidixic acid oral suspension B.P., Nalidixic acid tablets B.P.
Synthesis
Synthesis
Synthesis
Properties and uses: Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride is pale yellow,
crystalline in nature, slightly hygroscopic powder, soluble in water, slightly
soluble in methanol, very slightly soluble in ethanol, but insoluble in
acetone, ethyl acetate, and methylene chloride. It is very effective for the
treatment of urinary tract infection, prostatitis, and for acute diarrhoeal
disease caused by Escherichia coli,
Shigella, Salmonella, and Campylobacter.
Assay: It is assayed by adopting liquid chromatography technique.
Dosage forms: Ciprofloxacin tablets B.P.
Synthesis
Properties and uses: Ofloxacin is a pale yellow or bright yellow
crystalline powder, slightly soluble in water and methanol, and soluble in
glacial acetic acid and methylene chloride. It is one of the most promising
newer members of the fluoroquionolone family. In this product, N-ethyl moiety has been made rigid by
incorporation into a heterocyclic ring. It is useful in the treatment of
genitourinary, respiratory, gastrointestinal, skin, soft tissue infections,
peridonitis, and gonorrhoea.
Assay: Dissolve the sample in anhydrous acetic acid and titrate against
0.1 M perchloric acid. Determine the end point potentiometrically.
Synthesis
Properties and uses: Pefloxacin mesilate is a white powder, soluble in
water, slightly soluble in alcohol, and very slightly soluble in methylene
chloride, used as an antibacterial agent.
Assay: Dissolve the sample in anhydrous acetic acid, add acetic
anhydride, and titrate against 0.1 M perchloric acid. Determine the end point
potentiometrically.
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