Parenteral drug products are the dosage forms intended for administration by a route that does not involve the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (thus, parenteral).
Parenteral drug
products
Introduction
Parenteral
drug products are the dosage forms intended for administration by a route that does
not involve the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (thus, parenteral). Most of the
parenteral drug products are injectable dosage forms that are intended for
administration by injection using a syringe and a needle.
Parenteral
dosage forms are preferred for one or more of the following reasons:
·
Low oral bioavailability and/or high variability in oral
drug absorption.
·
Instability of the drug in the GI tract. For example, most
protein drugs are highly unstable.
·
Rapid onset of drug action is desired.
·
Ability to immediately stop drug administration is
important. For example, most emergency room medications and anesthetics.
·
High degree of flexibility in dosage adjustment with or
without real-time patient physiological response is needed. For example,
emer-gency medications such as analgesics, anticancer drugs, and fertility
medications.
Many
drugs are available only as parenteral dosage forms. These include most protein
and peptide drugs, some antibiotics, heparin, lidocaine, prot-amine, glucagon,
and many anticancer compounds. Certain drugs, on the other hand, are available
both as parenteral and oral dosage forms for dif-ferent clinical settings. For
example, analgesics and antihistamine drugs for patient self-administration may
be available as oral tablets, whereas they are also available as infusions and
injections for use in an emergency room or hospital settings where rapid onset
of drug action may be desired. Similarly, hormonal drugs, such as progestins
and antiprogestins, are avail-able as tablets for use in contraception, and are
also available as injectable dosage forms for use in fertility therapy.
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