Using the formulas for the normal approximation, sample sizes can be derived in a manner similar to that employed.
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION—CONFIDENCE INTERVALS AND HYPOTHESIS TESTS
Using the formulas for the normal approximation,
sample sizes can be derived in a manner similar to that employed in Chapters 8
and 9. Again, these calculations would be based on the width of the confidence
interval or the power of a test at a specific alternative. The resulting
formulas are slightly different from those for continuous variables. In the
case of variance in the test of a single proportion, or calculating a
confidence interval about a proportion, we guess at p to find the necessary standard deviation. We make this estimate
because W is p(1 – p)/n, and we do not know p (the population parameter). We also
can be conservative in deter-mining the confidence interval, because for all 0 ≤ p ≤ 1, p(1 –
p) is largest at p = 1/2.
Therefore, the variance of W = p(1 – p)/n
≤ (1/2)(1/2)/n = 1/(4n). This upper
bound, 1/(4n), on the variance of W can be used in the formulas to obtain
a mini-mum sample size that will satisfy the condition for any value of p. We could not find such a bound for
the unknown variance of a normal distribution.
Again, software packages such as the ones reviewed
by Chernick and Liu (2002) provide solutions for all the cases (using both
exact and approximate methods).
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