The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system (CNS).
Central
Nervous System
After
studying this chapter, readers should be able to:
1. Name
the primary regions of the brain in adults.
2. Describe
the locations of the ventricles of the brain.
3. Describe
the gyri, sulci, and fissures of the brain.
4. Explain
the part of the brain that is connected to pituitary gland.
5. Describe
the functions of the hypothalamus and thalamus.
6. Describe
the centers that control blood pressure and respiration.
7. Specify
the functions of the cerebellum.
8. Explain
the layers of the meninges.
9. Discuss
the main structures and functions of the spinal cord.
10. Describe
the effects of the aging process on the brain.
The brain and spinal cord make up
the central nervous system (CNS). The brain is the largest and most complex portion of the nervous system. It
controls perception, movement, sensation, thinking, and many other
physiological aspects. The sections of the brain include two cerebral
hemispheres, the diencephalon, the brain stem, and the cerebellum. There are
approximately 100 billion multipolar neu-rons in the brain as well as axonal
branches that allow these neurons to communicate throughout the nervous system.
The brain and spinal cord are
connected via the brain stem, which allows communication to flow in both
directions. The spinal cord also provides a two-way communication, between the
CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) . The organs of the CNS are
surrounded by bones, fluid, and membranes. The brain lies within the cranial
cavity of the skull. The spinal cord lies within the vertebral canal, inside
the vertebral column. Under the bony vertebrae are the membranes called meninges. They
are located between the vertebrae and soft tissues of the nervous system and
protect both the brain and spinal cord.
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