Amino acids can be classified as glucogenic, ketogenic, or both, based on which of the seven intermediates are produced during their catabolism.
GLUCOGENIC AND KETOGENIC AMINO ACIDS
Amino acids can be
classified as glucogenic, ketogenic, or both, based on which of the seven
intermediates are produced during their catabolism (see Figure 20.2).
Amino acids whose catabolism yields pyruvate or one of the intermediates of the TCA cycle are termed glucogenic. These intermediates are substrates for gluconeogenesis and, therefore, can give rise to the net synthesis of glucose in the liver and kidney.
Amino acids whose
catabolism yields either acetoacetate or one of its precursors (acetyl CoA or
acetoacetyl CoA) are termed ketogenic (see Figure 20.2). Acetoacetate is one of
the ketone bodies, which also include 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetone. Leucine
and lysine are the only exclusively ketogenic amino acids found in proteins.
Their carbon skeletons are not substrates for gluconeogenesis and, therefore,
cannot give rise to the net synthesis of glucose.
Figure 20.2 Classification of amino acids. [Note: Some amino acids can become conditionally essential. For example, supplementation with glutamine and arginine has been shown to improve outcomes in patients with trauma, postoperative infections, and immunosuppression.]
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