Biochemistry

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Biochemistry




PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION



Chapter 1: Amino Acids


=> Overview of Amino Acids
=> Structure of Amino Acids
=> Acidic and Basic Properties of Amino Acids
=> Concept Maps
=> Study Questions and Answers, Chapter Summary

Chapter 2: Structure of Proteins


=> Overview
=> Primary Structure of Proteins
=> Secondary Structure of Proteins
=> Tertiary Structure of Globular Proteins
=> Quaternary Structure of Proteins
=> Protein Misfolding
=> Chapter Summary, Study Questions

Chapter 3: Globular Proteins


=> Overview of Globular Proteins
=> Globular Hemeproteins
=> Organization of the Globin Genes
=> Hemoglobinopathies
=> Chapter Summary, Study Questions

Chapter 4: Fibrous Proteins


=> Overview of Fibrous Proteins
=> Collagen
=> Elastin
=> Chapter Summary, Study Questions

Chapter 5: Enzymes


=> Overview of Enzymes
=> Nomenclature
=> Properties of Enzymes
=> How Enzymes Work
=> Factors Affecting Reaction Velocity
=> Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
=> Inhibition of Enzyme Activity
=> Regulation of Enzyme Activity
=> Enzymes in Clinical Diagnosis
=> Chapter Summary, Study Questions

BIOENERGETICS AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM



Chapter 6: Bioenergetics and Oxidative Phosphorylation


=> Overview of Bioenergetics and Oxidative Phosphorylation
=> Free Energy
=> Free Energy Change
=> Adenosine Triphosphate as an Energy Carrier
=> Electron Transport Chain
=> Phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
=> Chapter Summary, Study Questions

Chapter 7: Introduction to Carbohydrates


=> Overview of Carbohydrates
=> Classification and Structure of Carbohydrates
=> Digestion of Dietary Carbohydrates
=> Chapter Summary, Study Question

Chapter 8: Introduction to Metabolism and Glycolysis


=> Introduction to Metabolism
=> Regulation of Metabolism
=> Overview of Glycolysis
=> Transport of Glucose into Cells
=> Reactions of Glycolysis
=> Hormonal Regulation of Glycolysis
=> Alternate Fates of Pyruvate
=> Chapter Summary, Study Questions

Chapter 9: Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex


=> Overview of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
=> Reactions of the Cycle
=> Energy Produced by the Cycle
=> Regulation of the Cycle
=> Chapter Summary, Study Questions

Chapter 10: Gluconeogenesis


=> Overview of Gluconeogenesis
=> Substrates for Gluconeogenesis
=> Reactions Unique to Gluconeogenesis
=> Regulation of Gluconeogenesis
=> Chapter Summary, Study Questions - Gluconeogenesis

Chapter 11: Glycogen Metabolism


=> Overview of Glycogen Metabolism
=> Structure and Function of Glycogen
=> Synthesis of Glycogen (Glycogenesis)
=> Degradation of Glycogen (Glycogenolysis)
=> Regulation of Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis
=> Glycogen Storage Diseases
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - Glycogen Metabolism

Chapter 12: Metabolism of Monosaccharides and Disaccharides


=> Metabolism of Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
=> Fructose Metabolism
=> Galactose Metabolism
=> Lactose Synthesis
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - Metabolism of Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

Chapter 13: Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate


=> Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
=> Irreversible Oxidative Reactions
=> Reversible Nonoxidative Reactions
=> Uses of NADPH
=> Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate

Chapter 14: Glycosaminoglycans, Proteoglycans, and Glycoproteins


=> Overview of Glycosaminoglycans
=> Structure of Glycosaminoglycans
=> Synthesis of Glycosaminoglycans
=> Degradation of Glycosaminoglycans
=> Mucopolysaccharidoses
=> Overview of Glycoproteins
=> Oligosaccharide Structure
=> Synthesis of Glycoproteins
=> Lysosomal Degradation of Glycoproteins
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - Glycosaminoglycans, Proteoglycans, and Glycoproteins

LIPID METABOLISM



Chapter 15: Dietary Lipid Metabolism


=> Overview of Dietary Lipid Metabolism
=> Digestion, Absorption, Secretion, and Utilization of Dietary Lipids
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - Dietary Lipid Metabolism

Chapter 16: Fatty Acid, Ketone Body, and Triacylglycerol Metabolism


=> Fatty Acid, Ketone Body, and Triacylglycerol Metabolism
=> Structure of Fatty Acids
=> De Novo Synthesis of Fatty Acids
=> Mobilization of Stored Fats and Oxidation of Fatty Acids
=> Ketone Bodies: An Alternate Fuel For Cells
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - Fatty Acid, Ketone Body, and Triacylglycerol Metabolism

Chapter 17: Phospholipid, Glycosphingolipid, and Eicosanoid Metabolism


=> Overview of Phospholipids
=> Structure of Phospholipids
=> Phospholipid Synthesis
=> Degradation of Phospholipids
=> Overview of Glycolipids
=> Structure of Glycosphingolipids
=> Synthesis and Degradation of Glycosphingolipids
=> Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins and Related Compounds
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - Phospholipid, Glycosphingolipid, and Eicosanoid Metabolism

Chapter 18: Cholesterol, Lipoprotein, and Steroid Metabolism


=> Overview for Cholesterol
=> Structure of Cholesterol
=> Synthesis of Cholesterol
=> Degradation of Cholesterol
=> Bile Acids and Bile Salts
=> Plasma Lipoproteins
=> Steroid Hormones
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - Cholesterol, Lipoprotein, and Steroid Metabolism

NITROGEN METABOLISM



Chapter 19: Amino Acids: Disposal of Nitrogen


=> Overview of Amino Acids
=> Overall Nitrogen Metabolism
=> Digestion of Dietary Proteins
=> Transport of Amino Acids Into Cells
=> Removal of Nitrogen From Amino Acids
=> Urea Cycle
=> Metabolism of Ammonia
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - Amino Acids: Disposal of Nitrogen

Chapter 20: Amino Acid Degradation and Synthesis


=> Amino Acid Degradation and Synthesis
=> Glucogenic and Ketogenic Amino Acids
=> Catabolism of the Carbon Skeletons of Amino Acids
=> Folic acid and Amino acid Metabolism
=> Biosynthesis of Nonessential Amino Acids
=> Metabolic Defects in Amino Acid Metabolism
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - Amino Acid Degradation and Synthesis

Chapter 21: Conversion of Amino Acids to Specialized Products


=> Conversion of Amino Acids to Specialized Products
=> Porphyrin Metabolism
=> Other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - Conversion of Amino Acids to Specialized Products

Chapter 22: Nucleotide Metabolism


=> Overview of Nucleotide Metabolism
=> Nucleotide Structure
=> Synthesis of Purine Nucleotides
=> Synthesis of Deoxyribonucleotides
=> Degradation of Purine Nucleotides
=> Pyrimidine Synthesis and Degradation
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - Nucleotide Metabolism

INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM



Chapter 23: Metabolic Effects of Insulin and Glucagon


=> Metabolic Effects of Insulin and Glucagon
=> Insulin
=> Glucagon
=> Hypoglycemia
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - Metabolic Effects of Insulin and Glucagon

Chapter 24: The Feed-Fast Cycle


=> Overview of the Absorptive State
=> Enzymic Changes in the Absorptive State
=> Liver: Nutrient Distribution Center
=> Adipose Tissue: Energy Storage Depot
=> Resting Skeletal Muscle
=> Brain
=> Overview of Fasting
=> Liver in Fasting
=> Adipose Tissue In Fasting
=> Resting Skeletal Muscle in Fasting
=> Brain in Fasting
=> Kidney In Long-Term Fasting
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - The Feed-Fast Cycle

Chapter 25: Diabetes Mellitus


=> Overview of Diabetes Mellitus
=> Type 1 Diabetes
=> Type 2 Diabetes
=> Chronic Effects and Prevention of Diabetes
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - Diabetes Mellitus

Chapter 26: Obesity


=> Overview of Obesity
=> Assessment of Obesity
=> Body Weight Regulation
=> Molecules that Influence Obesity
=> Metabolic Changes In Obesity
=> Obesity and Health
=> Weight Reduction
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - Obesity

Chapter 27: Nutrition


=> Overview of Nutrition
=> Dietary Reference Intakes
=> Energy Requirement in Humans
=> Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
=> Dietary Fats
=> Dietary Carbohydrates
=> Dietary Protein
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - Nutrition

Chapter 28: Vitamins


=> Overview of Vitamins
=> Folic Acid
=> Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)
=> Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
=> Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
=> Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
=> Niacin
=> Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
=> Biotin
=> Pantothenic Acid
=> Vitamin A
=> Vitamin D
=> Vitamin K
=> Vitamin E
=> Choose the one best answer - Vitamins

STORAGE AND EXPRESSION OF GENETIC INFORMATION



Chapter 29: DNA Structure, Replication, and Repair


=> Overview of DNA Structure, Replication, and Repair
=> Structure of DNA
=> Steps in Prokaryotic DNA Synthesis
=> Eukaryotic DNA Replication
=> Organization of Eukaryotic DNA
=> DNA Repair
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - DNA Structure, Replication, and Repair

Chapter 30: RNA Structure, Synthesis, and Processing


=> Overview of RNA Structure, Synthesis, and Processing
=> Structure of RNA
=> Transcription of Prokaryotic Genes
=> Transcription of Eukaryotic Genes
=> Posttranscriptional Modification of RNA
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - RNA Structure, Synthesis, and Processing

Chapter 31: Protein Synthesis


=> Overview of Protein Synthesis
=> The Genetic Code
=> Components Required for Translation
=> Codon Recognition by Transfer RNA
=> Steps in Protein Synthesis
=> Co-and Posttranslational Modification of Polypeptide Chains
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - Protein Synthesis

Chapter 32: Regulation of Gene Expression


=> Regulation of Gene Expression
=> Regulatory Sequences and Molecules
=> Regulation of Prokaryotic Gene Expression
=> Regulation of Eukaryotic Gene Expression
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - Regulation of Gene Expression

Chapter 33: Biotechnology and Human Disease


=> Biotechnology and Human Disease
=> Restriction Endonucleases
=> DNA Cloning
=> Probes
=> Southern Blotting
=> Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
=> Polymerase Chain Reaction
=> Analysis of Gene Expression
=> Gene Therapy
=> Transgenic Animals
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - Biotechnology and Human Disease

Chapter 34: Blood clotting


=> Overview of Blood clotting
=> Fibrin Meshwork Formation
=> Limiting Clotting
=> Platelet Plug Formation
=> Chapter Summary, Questions Answers - Blood clotting

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