Introduction to Pharmacognosy

[ Bpharm (Bachelor of Pharmacy) ]

Under Class: | 1st Semester (Bpharm) |

Introduction to Pharmacognosy - Question Papers, Lecture Notes, Study Material Download PDF

Pharmacy - Bachelor of Pharmacy (Bpharm) - 1st Semester - 1st Year - Name of Subject: Introduction to Pharmacognosy (BP105T) - Lecture Notes, Study Material, Question Papers Download PDF

Pharmacognosy

PART A - Introduction to Pharmacognosy:

PART B - Pharmaceutical Botany:

Chapter 4: Morphology of Different Parts of Medicinal Plant:

• Morphology of Different Parts of Medicinal Plant
• Study of Different Tissue Systems
• Cell Contents
• Cell Division
• Morphological Study

Chapter 5: Study of Different Families:

• Study of Different Families
• Apocynaceae
• Compositae
• Convolulaceae
• Cruciferae
• Gramineae
• Labiatae
• Leguminosae
• Liliaceae
• Papaveraceae
• Rubiaceae
• Scrophulariaceae
• Solanaceae
• Umbelliferae

PART C - Cultivation, Collection, Production and Utilization of Herbal Drugs:

Chapter 6: Cultivation, Collection and Processing of Herbal Drugs:

• Cultivation, Collection and Processing of Herbal Drugs
• Soils, Seeds and Propagation Material
• Good Agricultural Practices
• Factors Affecting Cultivation
• Plant Hormones and Growth Regulators
• Collection of Crude Drugs
• Harvesting of Crude Drugs
• Drying of Crude Drugs
• Garbling (Dressing)
• Packing of Crude Drugs
• Storage of Crude Drugs
• Quality Management
• Documentation

Chapter 7: Indian Trade in Medicine and Aromatic Plants:

• Indian Trade in Medicine and Aromatic Plants
• Indian Herbal Trade in World Scenario
• Medicinal Plant-Based Industries In Indigenous System Of Medicine
• Export Potential of Indian Phyto-Pharmaceutical Products
• Indian Medicinal Plants Used in Cosmetic and Aromatherapy
• Indian Medicinal Plants in Crude Form
• Spices
• Export of Spices India

Chapter 8: Utilization of Aromatic Plants And Derived Products:

• Utilization of Aromatic Plants and Derived Products
• Impact of Industrialization
• Toxocity of Essential Oils
• Utilization of Aromatic Plants

Chapter 9: Role of Medicinal Plants on National Economy:

• Role of Medicinal Plants on National Economy
• Economic Growth Potential in Natural Health and Cosmetic Products
• Future Economic Growth
• Development of Herbal Medicinal Industry
• Contribution to Economy of the People

PART D - Analytical Pharmacognosy:

Chapter 10: Drug Adulteration:

• Drug Adulteration
• Adulteration

Chapter 11: Evaluation of Crude Drugs:

• Evaluation of Crude Drugs
• Organoleptic Evaluation
• Microscopical Evaluation
• Chemical Evaluation
• Physical Evaluation
• Biological Evaluation

Chapter 12: Biological Screening of Herbal Drugs:

PART E - Biogenesis of Phytopharmaceuticals:

Chapter 13: General Biosynthetic Pathways of Secondary Metabolites:

• General Biosynthetic Pathways of Secondary Metabolites
• The Building Blocks
• Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates
• Biosynthesis of Glycosides
• Biosynthesis of Alkaloids
• Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds

PART F - Pharmacognostical Study of Crude Drugs:

Chapter 14: Drugs Containing Carbohydrates and Derived Products:

• Drugs Containing Carbohydrates and Derived Products
• Classification of Carbohydrates
• Tests for Carbohydrates
• Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates
• Acacia Gum
• Guar Gum
• Honey
• Tragacanth
• Sodium Alginate
• Pectin
• Karaya Gum
• Bael
• Agar
• Manna
• Xanthan Gum
• Ghatti Gum
• Ispaghula
• Tamarind
• Chitin
• Carrageenan
• Locust Bean Gum
• Starch

Chapter 15: Drugs Containing Alkaloids:

• Drugs Containing Alkaloids
• Definition - Drugs Containing Alkaloids
• History - Drugs Containing Alkaloids
• Classification - Drugs Containing Alkaloids
• Occurrence in Nature
• Properties
• Extraction
• Chemical Tests
• Tropane Alkaloids
• Belladonna
• Datura Herb
• Stramonium
• Hyoscyamus
• Coca Leaves
• Duboisia
• Indole Alkaloids
• Ergot
• Rauwolfia
• Nux Vomica
• Vinca
• Physostigma
• Pyridine And Piperidine Alkaloids
• Lobelia
• Tobacco
• Areca Nuts
• Imidazole Alkaloids
• Pilocarpus
• Quinoline Alkaloids
• Cinchona
• Isoquinoline Alkaloids
• Ipecac
• Opium
• Curare
• Steroidal Alkaloids
• Veratrum
• Kurchi Bark
• Ashwagandha
• Purine Alkaloids
• Coffee
• Tea
• Cocoa
• Diterpene Alkaloids
• Aconite
• Amino Alkaloids
• Ephedra
• Colchicum

Chapter 16: Drugs Containing Glycosides:

• Drugs Containing Glycosides
• Classification - Glycosides
• Distribution of Glycosides
• Chemical Tests of Glycosides
• Isolation - Drugs Containing Glycosides
• Anthracene Glycosides
• Senna Leaf
• Aloe
• Rhubarb
• Cascara Bark
• Sterol or Cardiac Glycosides
• Digitalis Leaves
• Digitalis Lanata
• Thevetia
• Squill
• Red Squill
• Indian Squill
• Strophanthus
• Oleander
• Saponin Glycosides
• Dioscorea
• Liquorice
• Shatavari
• Brahmi
• Ginseng
• Senega
• Quillaia
• Gokhru
• Sarsaparilla
• Cyanogenic Glycosides
• Almond
• Wild Cherry Bark
• Isothiocynate Glycosides
• Mustard
• Flavone Glycosides
• Ginkgo
• Coumarin and Furanocoumarin Glycosides
• Visnaga
• Ammi
• Psoralea
• Vanilla - Aldehyde Glycosides
• Phenol Glycosides - Bearberry
• Steroidal Glycosides - Solanum
• Bitter And Miscellaneous Glycosides
• Gentian
• Picrorhiza
• Chirata
• Quassia
• Kalmegh

Chapter 17: Drugs Containing Volatile Oils:

• Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
• Classification of Volatile Oils
• Extraction of Volatile Oils
• Terpenoids
• Classification of Terpenoids
• Evaluation of Volatile Oils
• Chemical Tests for Volatile Oils
• Storage of Volatile Oils
• Pharmaceutical Applications
• Volatile Oils Containing Hydrocarbons
• Turpentine Oil
• Volatile Oils Containing Alcohols
• Peppermint
• Pudina
• Sandalwood Oil
• Volatile Oils Containing Aldehydes
• Lemongrass Oil
• Lemon Peel
• Bitter Orange Peel
• Cinnamon
• Cassia Bark
• Citronella Oil
• Saffron
• Volatile Oils Containing Ketones
• Camphor
• Caraway
• Coriander
• Dill
• Fennel
• Jatamansi
• Anise
• Cummin/Cumin
• Volatile Oil Containing Phenol
• Ajowan
• Tulsi
• Clove
• Volatile Oil Containing Ether
• Nutmeg
• Calamus
• Volatile Oil Containing Oxides
• Chenopodium Oil
• Eucalyptus Oil
• Cardamom
• Volatile Oil Containing Ester
• Garlic
• Rosemary Oil
• Gaultheria Oil
• Valerian

Chapter 18: Drugs Containing Resins:

• Drugs Containing Resins
• Classification - Drugs Containing Resins
• Chemical Composition - Drugs Containing Resins
• Isolation - Drugs Containing Resins
• Asafoetida
• Balsam of Peru
• Balsam Of Tolu
• Cannabis
• Capsicum
• Colocynth
• Colophony
• Ginger
• Guggul
• Ipomoea
• Jalap
• Kaladana
• Male Fern
• Myrrh
• Podophyllum
• Indian Podophyllum
• Siam Benzoin
• Sumatra Benzoin
• Storex
• Turmeric

Chapter 19: Drugs Containing Lipids:

• Drugs Containing Lipids
• Fixed Oils And Fats
• Waxes
• Almond Oil
• Arachis Oil
• Castor Oil
• Chaulmoogra Oil
• Coconut Oil
• Cod Liver Oil
• Corn Oil
• Cottonseed Oil
• Linseed Oil
• Mustard Oil
• Olive Oil
• Rice Bran Oil
• Safflower Oil
• Sesame Oil
• Shark Liver Oil
• Beeswax
• Carnauba Wax
• Cocoa Butter
• Kokum
• Lanolin
• Lard

Chapter 20: Drugs Containing Tannins:

• Drugs Containing Tannins
• Classification - Drugs Containing Tannins
• Characteristics of Tannins
• Biosynthesis of Tannins
• Chemical Tests - For Tannins
• Isolation of Tannins
• Medicinal Properties and Uses of Tannins
• Hydrolysable Tannins - Myrobalan
• Bahera
• Arjuna
• Amla
• Nutgalls
• Tannic Acid
• Condensed Tannins - Ashoka
• Pale Catechu
• Black Catechu
• Pterocarpus

Chapter 21: Enzymes and Protein Drugs:

• Enzymes and Protein Drugs
• Diastase
• Pepsin
• Pancreatin
• Trypsin
• Hyaluronidase
• Urokinase
• Streptokinase
• Bromelin
• Serratiopeptidase
• Papain
• Proteins
• Malt Extract
• Gelatin
• Casein
• Collagen
• Ficin

Chapter 22: Fibres, Sutures and Surgical Dressings:

• Fibres, Sutures and Surgical Dressings - Introduction
• Fibres, Sutures and Surgical Dressings - History
• Classification and Properties of Fibres
• Cotton - Vegetable Fibres
• Jute
• Flax
• Hemp
• Silk - Animal Fibres
• Wool
• Viscose
• Alginate Fibres
• Nylon
• Terylene (Dacron)
• Orlon
• Surgical Dressings
• Sutures and Ligatures

Chapter 23: Drugs of Mineral Origin:

• Drugs of Mineral Origin - Introduction
• Kaolin
• Asbestos
• Talc
• Bentonite
• Fuller’s Earth

BP105T:

Introduction to Pharmacognosy (Theory)

COURSE OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this course are to:

1. Explain the origin, history, and classification of natural drugs.

2. Understand cultivation and conservation methods for medicinal plants.

3. Study quality control and evaluation of crude drugs.

4. Study primary and secondary metabolites with their therapeutic relevance

5. Introduce traditional systems of medicine and phyto-therapeutic agents.

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)

Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to:

1. Describe the historical development, classification, and scope of Pharmacognosy.

2. Explain cultivation, processing, and conservation techniques for medicinal plants.

3. Apply quality evaluation methods to crude drugs using organoleptic, microscopic,

and chemical parameters.

4. Identify primary and secondary metabolites with their therapeutic relevance.

5. Recognize traditional systems of medicine and commonly used phyto-therapeutic agents.

Detailed Syllabus:

Unit I

Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy

(a) Definition, history, present status, scope and development of pharmacognosy.

(b) Sources of drugs: Plants, animals, microbial, marine, mineral and plant tissue culture.

(c) Historical milestones in drug discovery: Morphine, quinine, aspirin, warfarin, penicillin, cephalosporin, taxol and artemisinin.

(d) Introduction to different herbal / traditional pharmacopoeias: Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopeia – Herbal Medicines and Dietary Supplements, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Unani Pharmacopoeia of India and American Herbal Pharmacopoeia.

(e) Official and non-official; codified and non-codified drugs. Classification of crude drugs: alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical, pharmacological and chemotaxonomic classification along with their merits and limitations.

Unit II

Cultivation, Collection, Processing and Storage of Drugs of Natural Origin

Methods of plant cultivation and Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (WHO / GAP / GCP guidelines) for medicinal plants. Factors influencing cultivation, collection and storage of medicinal plants.

Plant hormones and their applications in cultivation of medicinal plants. Application of polyploidy, mutation and hybridization concepts with reference to secondary metabolites. Ex-situ and in-situ conservation and strategies for value addition of medicinal plants. Role of eco-pharmacognosy in sustainable conservation of endangered medicinal plants such as kutki and chirata.

Unit III

Quality Control of Drugs of Natural Origin (WHO Guidelines)

Adulteration of drugs of natural origin. Evaluation of drugs using organoleptic, microscopic (qualitative and quantitative), physical, chemical and biological methods. Physicochemical parameters: extractive values, moisture content, foreign organic matter, ash values, bitterness value, foaming index, haemolytic potential, swelling index, viscosity, optical rotation, refractive index, acid value and saponification value. DNA barcoding.

Unit IV

Introduction to Metabolites of Plant Origin

Definition and general properties of plant metabolites. Primary and secondary metabolites such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, volatile oils and resins.

Traditional Systems of Medicine Basic principles of treatment of diseases in different systems of medicine including AYUSH and TCM. Types of dosage forms in AYUSH medicines. Role of pharmacognosy in allopathy and traditional systems of medicine such as AYUSH and TCM.

Unit V

Phyto-therapeutic Agents

Biological source, major constituents and uses of the following classes of drugs:

• Adaptogens and Immunomodulators: Ashwagandha, Tulsi, Amla

• Hepatoprotectives: Milk thistle, Kutki

• Cardiovascular drugs: Garlic, Arjuna

• Antidiabetics: Gymnema, Fenugreek

• Anti-inflammatory and analgesics: Turmeric, Boswellia

• CNS drugs: Brahmi

• Antimicrobial and antivirals: Giloy, Neem, Andrographis

• Gastrointestinal drugs: Psyllium

• Dermatological agents: Aloe

• Drugs used in women’s health: Chasteberry, Shatavari

• Respiratory drugs: Vasaka

Recommended References (Preferably latest editions):

1. Evans, W.C., Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. 16th ed. London: W.B. Saunders & Co., 2009.

2. Tyler, V.E., Brady, L.R. and Robbers, J.E., Pharmacognosy. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1988.

3. Wallis, T.E., Textbook of Pharmacognosy. London: J. & A. Churchill Ltd.

4. World Health Organization (2002) WHO traditional medicine strategy 2002–2005. Geneva: World Health Organization