Human Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology I - Practical

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Human Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology I - Practical - Experimental laboratory pdf record

Pharmacy - Bachelor of Pharmacy (Bpharm) - 1st Semester - 1st Year - Subject/Practical Laboratory: Human Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology I - Practical (BP109P) - laboratory Experimental Note Download PDF

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Respiratory System:

Digestive System:

• Functions of the Digestive System
• Anatomy and Histology of the Digestive System
• Anatomy of Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus
• Anatomy of the oral Cavity
• Saliva
• Swallowing - Digestive System
• Stomach
• Anatomy of the Stomach
• Secretions of the Stomach
• Regulation of Stomach Secretions
• Movement in the Stomach
• Anatomy of the Small intestine
• Secretions of the Small intestine
• Movement and Absorption in the Small Intestine
• Anatomy of the liver
• Functions of the Liver
• Anatomy and Functions of the Pancreas
• Anatomy of the large intestine
• Functions of the Large Intestine
• Digestion, Absorption, and Transport in Digestive System
• Effects of Aging on the Digestive System

Nutrition Metabolism and body Temperature Regulation:

• Nutrition and Nutrients
• Kilocalories
• Carbohydrates - Human Nutrition
• Lipids - Human Nutrition
• Proteins - Human Nutrition
• Vitamins - Human Nutrition
• Minerals - Human Nutrition
• Daily Values - Human Nutrition
• Metabolism
• Regulation of Metabolism
• Carbohydrate Metabolism
• Lipid Metabolism
• Protein Metabolism
• Metabolic States
• Metabolic Rate
• Body Temperature Regulation

Urinary System and Fluid Balance:

• Functions of the Urinary System
• Anatomy of the Kidneys
• Urine Production
• Filtration - Urine Production
• Regulation of Filtration - Urine Production
• Tubular Reabsorption - Urine Production
• Tubular Secretion - Urine Production
• Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume
• Urine Movement
• Body Fluid Compartments
• Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Composition
• Regulation of Acid-Base Balance in Human Body

Reproductive System:

Development Heredity and aging:

• Prenatal Development
• Formation of the Germ - Prenatal Development
• Neural tube and neural Crest Formation - Prenatal Development
• Formation of the General Body structure - Prenatal Development
• Development of the Organ Systems - Prenatal Development
• Growth of the Fetus - Prenatal Development
• Parturition
• The Newborn
• Lactation
• First Year Following Birth
• Life Stages
• Genetics
• Genes
• Genetic Disorders and Counseling

Anatomy and Physiology

SECTION I: LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION:

Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology:

• Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
• Organization Levels of the Body
• Essentials for Life
• Homeostasis
• Organization of the Body
• Summary

Chapter 2: Chemical Basics of Life:

• Chemical Basics of Life
• Basic Chemistry
• Atoms, Molecules, and Chemical Bonds
• Atomic Structure
• Molecules and Compounds
• Chemical Bonds
• Chemical Reactions
• Acids, Bases, and the pH Scale
• Biochemistry
• Inorganic Substances
• Organic Substances
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
• Enzymes and Enzyme Characteristics
• Adenosine Triphosphate
• Summary

Chapter 3: Cells:

• Cells
• Cell Membrane - Structure of the Cell
• Membrane Lipids and Membrane Proteins
• Cytoplasm (Cytosol, Organelles) Structure
• Structure of Endomembrane System and Cytoskeleton
• Structure of Nucleus
• Passive Cell Mechanisms
• Active Cell Mechanisms
• Cell Cycle
• Cell Cycle: Interphase
• Cell Cycle: Cell Division and Cytoplasmic Division
• Cell Cycle: Differentiation
• Cell Cycle: Cell Division and Cancer
• Summary

Chapter 4: Cellular Metabolism:

• Cellular Metabolism
• Metabolic Reactions
• Control of Metabolic Reactions
• Oxidation Reduction Reactions
• Chemical Energy
• Cellular Respiration and Metabolism of Carbohydrates
• Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
• Metabolic Pathways
• Glycogenesis
• Glycogenolysis
• Gluconeogenesis
• Metabolism of Lipids
• Metabolism of Proteins
• Summary

Chapter 5: Tissues:

• Tissues
• Types of Tissues
• Epithelial Tissues
• Connective Tissues
• Classifications of Connective Tissue
• Muscle Tissues
• Nervous or Neural Tissues
• Tissue Membranes
• Tissue Repair
• Effects of Aging on Various Tissues
• Summary on Tissues

SECTION II: SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT:

Chapter 6: Integumentary System:

• Integumentary System
• Skin
• Dermis - Skin
• Nails
• Hairs
• Glands in the Skin
• Functions of the Integumentary System
• Response of the Integument to Injuries and Wounds
• Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System
• Skin Cancer
• Burns
• Summary - Integumentary System

Chapter 7: Bone Tissues and the Skeletal System:

• Bone Tissues and the Skeletal System
• Classifications of Bones
• Structures of Bones
• Microscopic Anatomy (Bone Cells)
• Chemical Composition of Bone
• Growth and Development of Bones
• Functions of Bones
• Bone Homeostasis
• Bone Homeostatic Imbalance
• Axial Skeleton
• Pectoral Girdle - Appendicular Skeleton
• Pelvic Girdle - Appendicular Skeleton
• Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System
• Summary

Chapter 8: Articulations:

• Articulations
• Functional Classifications of Joints
• Fibrous Joints
• Cartilaginous Joints
• Synovial Joints
• Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
• Types of Synovial Joints
• Shoulder Joints
• Elbow Joints
• Hip Joints
• Knee Joints
• Temporomandibular Joints (TMJ)
• Types of Joint Movements
• Intervertebral Joints
• Intervertebral Ligaments
• Joint Injuries
• Effects of Aging on the Joints
• Summary

Chapter 9: Muscle Tissue:

• Muscle Tissue
• Classification of Muscle Tissues
• Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
• Functions of the Muscles
• Coverings of Connective Tissue
• Blood Supply and Nerve Attachments
• Structure of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
• Contraction Stimulus
• Neuromuscular Junction
• Action Potential
• Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Transverse Tubules
• Somatic Motor Neurons
• Motor Units
• Muscle Twitch
• Energy Sources for Contraction
• Smooth Muscle
• Effects of Aging on Muscle Tissue
• Summary on Muscle Tissue

Chapter 10: Muscular System:

• Muscular System
• Classification of the Muscle Fibers
• Types of Fibers
• Lever Systems
• Effects of Aging on the Muscular System
• Summary

SECTION III: Control and Coordination:

Chapter 11: Neural Tissue:

• Neural Tissue
• Divisions of the Nervous System
• Cells of the Nervous System
• Classification of Nerve Fibers
• Cell Membrane Potential
• Nerve Impulses
• Synapses
• Processing of Impulses
• Effects of Aging on the Nervous System
• Summary

Chapter 12: Central Nervous System:

• Central Nervous System
• The Brain
• Higher Brain Functions
• Brain Protection
• Spinal Cord
• Spinal Neuronal Pathways
• Imbalances of the CNS
• Effects of Aging on the Brain
• Summary

Chapter 13: Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity:

• Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity
• Sensory Receptors
• General Senses
• Peripheral Nerves:Cranial, Spinal Nerves
• Cranial Nerves
• Spinal Nerves
• Peripheral Motor Endings
• Somatic Nervous System
• Imbalances of the PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)
• Effects of Aging on the PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)
• Summary

Chapter 14: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS):

• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• Comparison of the Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System
• Major ANS(Autonomic Nervous System) Neurotransmitters
• Autonomic Nerve Fibers
• Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• Differences Between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
• Cholinergic Receptors
• Adrenergic Receptors
• Control of Autonomic Activity
• Somatic and Autonomic Function Overlap
• Higher Levels of Autonomic Control
• Imbalances of the ANS (Autonomic Nervous System)
• Effects of Aging on the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• Summary

Chapter 15: Special Senses:

• Special Senses
• Sense of Smell
• Sense of Taste
• Sense of Hearing
• Sense of Equilibrium
• Sense of Sight
• Effects of Aging on the Senses
• Summary

Chapter 16: Endocrine System:

• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Control of Hormones
• Pituitary Gland
• Thyroid Gland
• Parathyroid Glands
• Adrenal Glands
• Pineal Gland
• Other Glands, Organs, or Tissues
• Stress
• Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System
• Summary

SECTION IV: Transport:

Chapter 17: Blood:

• Blood
• Blood Functions
• Blood Components
• Plasma
• Erythrocytes
• Disorders of Erythrocytes
• Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs)
• Platelets or thrombocytes
• Hemostasis
• Blood Types and Transfusions
• Diagnostic Blood Tests
• Effects of Aging on the Blood
• Summary

Chapter 18: The Heart:

• The Heart
• Blood Circulation
• Structures of the Heart
• Functions of the Heart
• Effects of Aging on the Cardiovascular System
• Summary

Chapter 19: Vascular System:

• Vascular System
• Blood Vessel Structure
• Arterial System
• Capillaries
• Venous System
• Vascular Anastomoses
• Blood Circulation
• Blood Pressure
• Neural Controls of Blood Vessels
• Blood Vessel Pathways and Divisions
• Aorta and Its Branches
• Veins and Their Branches
• Effects of Aging on the Vascular System
• Summary

Chapter 20: Lymphatic System and Immunity:

• Lymphatic System and Immunity
• Organization of the Lymphatic System
• Body Defenses and Fighting Infection
• Innate (Nonspecific) Defenses
• Adaptive (Specific) Defenses
• B and T Lymphocytes Related to the Adaptive Immune Response
• Humoral Immune Response
• Antibodies
• Cellular Immune Response
• Major Effector T Cells
• Imbalance of Immune System Homeostasis
• Hypersensitivities
• Effects of Aging on the Lymphatic System and Immunity
• Summary

SECTION V: Environmental Exchange:

Chapter 21: Respiratory System:

• Respiratory System
• Respiratory System Functions
• Organization of the Respiratory System
• Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
• The Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes
• The Respiratory Muscles
• Gas Exchange
• Control of Breathing
• Factors of Respiratory Rate and Depth
• Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System
• Summary

Chapter 22: Urinary System:

• Urinary System
• Anatomy of the Kidneys
• Internal Kidney Anatomy
• Structures of the Nephron
• Formation of Urine
• Glomerular Filtration
• Tubular Reabsorption
• Tubular Secretion
• Composition of Urine
• Ureters
• Urinary Bladder
• Urethra
• Effects of Aging on the Urinary System
• Summary

Chapter 23: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid Base Balance:

• Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid Base Balance
• Body Fluid Distribution
• Fluid Balance
• Fluid Intake and Output
• Electrolyte Balance
• Acid-Base Balance
• Acid-Base Imbalances
• Effects of Aging on Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
• Summary

Chapter 24: Digestive System:

• Digestive System
• Alimentary Canal
• Functions of the Digestive System
• Movement of Digestive Materials
• Mouth
• Salivary Glands
• Teeth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small Intestine
• Liver
• Gallbladder
• Pancreas
• Large Intestine
• Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients
• Effects of Aging on the Digestive System
• Summary

SECTION VI: Continuity of Life:

Chapter 25: Reproductive System:

• Reproductive System
• Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
• Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
• Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
• Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
• Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
• Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System
• Summary

Chapter 26: Pregnancy and Development:

• Pregnancy and Development
• Fertilization
• Prenatal Development
• Parturition (Birth)
• Postnatal Development: Lactation
• Summary

Chapter 27: Heredity:

• Heredity
• Genes
• Genetic Variation
• Patterns of Inheritance
• Heredity: Environmental Factors
• Heredity: Gender-Related Factors
• Genetic Screening
• Summary

Pathology

Fundamentals of Pathology:

• Overview of Pathology

Cellular Injury and Adaptation:

• Causes of Cellular Injury
• Cellular Changes During Injury
• Cell Death
• Cellular Adaptive Responses to Injury
• Other Cellular Alterations During Injury

Inflammation:

• Acute Inflammation
• Chronic Inflammation
• Tissue Responses to Infectious Agents

Tissue Repair:

• Regeneration and Healing
• Aberrations in Wound Healing

Circulatory Pathology:

• EDEMA
• Hemostasis and Bleeding Disorders
• Thrombosis
• Embolism
• Infarction
• Shock

Genetic Disorders:

• Disorders Involving an Extra Autosome
• Disorders Involving Chromosomal Deletions
• Disorders Involving Sex Chromosomes
• Disorders of Sexual Development (DSD)
• Mendelian Disorders
• Autosomal Recessive Disorders
• Autosomal Dominant Disorders
• X-Linked Recessive Conditions
• X-Linked Dominant Conditions
• Triplet Repeat Mutations
• Genomic Imprinting
• Mitochondrial DNA Disorders
• Multifactorial Inheritance

Immunopathology:

• Hypersensitivity Reactions
• Autoimmune Diseases
• Primary Immune Deficiency Syndromes
• Secondary Immune Deficiency Syndromes
• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
• Immunology of Transplant Rejection

Amyloidosis:

• Composition of Amyloid
• Systemic Types of Amyloid
• Localized Types of Amyloid
• Amyloidosis: Clinical Features

Principles of Neoplasia:

• Principles of Neoplasia: Definition, Epidemiology
• Carcinogenic Agents
• Carcinogenesis
• Diagnosis of Cancer

Skin Pathology:

• Disorders of Pigmentation
• Melanocytic Tumors
• Epidermal and Dermal Lesions
• Malignant Tumors

Red Blood Cell Pathology Anemias:

• Red Blood Cell Morphology
• Anemias
• Microcytic Anemias
• Normocytic Anemias
• Macrocytic Anemias
• Polycythemia Vera

Vascular Pathology:

• The Vasculitides
• Raynaud Disease Versus Phenomenon
• Arteriosclerosis
• Hypertension (HTN)
• Aneurysms and Arteriovenous Fistulas
• Venous Disease
• Vascular Neoplasms

Cardiac Pathology:

• Ischemic Heart Disease
• Congestive Heart Failure
• Valvular Heart Disease
• Myocarditis
• Congenital Heart Disease
• Primary Cardiomyopathies (Diagnosis of Exclusion)
• Carcinoid Heart Disease
• Cardiac Tumors
• Pericardial Disease

Respiratory Pathology:

• Congenital Cystic Lung Lesions
• Atelectasis
• Pulmonary Infections
• Sarcoidosis
• Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
• Infiltrative Restrictive Lung Diseases(Diffuse Interstitial Diseases)
• Vascular Disorders
• Pulmonary Neoplasia
• Laryngeal Cancer
• Diseases of the Pleural Cavity

Renal Pathology:

• Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney
• Cystic Disease
• Glomerular Diseases
• Primary Glomerulopathies (Nephritic Syndrome)
• Primary Glomerulopathies (Nephrotic)
• Secondary Glomerulonephritis
• Chronic Glomerulonephritis
• Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
• Acute Tubular Injury
• Urolithiasis
• Chronic Renal Failure
• Vascular Disorders of the Kidney
• Tumors of the Kidney
• Obstructive Disorders of the Urinary System
• Ureteral Disorders
• Urinary Bladder Pathology

Gastrointestinal Tract Pathology:

• Esophagus
• Pathology: Stomach
• Small and Large Intestines

Pancreatic Pathology:

• Congenital Anomalies of the Pancreas
• Inflammation of the Pancreas
• Pancreatic Tumors

Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Pathology:

• Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)
• Gallbladder: Inflammatory Conditions
• Gallbladder: Miscellaneous Conditions
• Biliary Tract Cancer

Liver Pathology:

• Liver Dysfunction
• Jaundice
• Cirrhosis
• Viral Hepatitis
• Amebic Liver Abscess
• Alcoholic Liver Disease
• Metabolic Liver Disease
• Hemodynamic Liver Diseases
• Liver Tumors

Central Nervous System Pathology:

• Infections - Central Nervous System
• Cerebrovascular Disease
• CNS Trauma And Herniations
• Developmental Abnormalities and Perinatal Brain Injury
• Demyelinating Disorders
• Degenerative and Dementing Disorders
• CNS Tumors

Hematopoetic Pathology White Blood Cell Disorders and Lymphoid and Myeloid Neoplasms:

• Reactive Changes in White Blood Cells
• Lymphoid Neoplasms
• Mature B-Cell Neoplasms
• Peripheral T-Cell and Natural Killer Cell Neoplasms
• Hodgkin Lymphoma
• Acute Leukemias
• B and T Lymphoblastic Lymphoma/Leukemia
• Myeloid Neoplasms
• Diseases of Histiocytes and Dendritic Cells
• Mast Cell Diseases
• Diseases of the Spleen and Thymus

Female Genital Pathology:

• Vulva - Pathology
• Vagina - Pathology
• Cervix - Pathology
• Uterus - Pathology
• Ovary - Pathology
• Placenta - Pathology

Breast Pathology:

• Mastitis
• Fibrocystic Changes
• Benign Neoplasms
• Malignant Neoplasms
• Gynecomastia - Pathology

Male Pathology:

• Penis - Pathology
• Testes - Pathology
• Testicular Cancer
• Prostate

Endocrine Pathology:

• Thyroid Gland - Pathology
• Parathyroid Glands - Pathology
• Pituitary Gland, Hypothalamus, and Pineal Gland - Pathology
• Adrenal Gland - Pathology
• Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
• Diabetes Mellitus

Bone Pathology:

• Normal Bone - Pathology
• Hereditary Bone Disorders
• Paget Disease
• Osteoporosis
• Osteomalacia and Rickets
• Osteomyelitis
• Miscellaneous Bone Disorders
• Benign Tumors of Bone
• Malignant Tumors of Bone

Joint Pathology:

• Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies
• Arthritis Related to Crystal Deposition
• Infectious Arthritis
• Neuropathic Arthropathy (Charcot Joint)

Skeletal Muscle and Peripheral Nerve Pathology:

• Inflammatory Myopathies
• Myasthenic Syndromes
• Muscular Dystrophy
• Inflammatory Neuropathy
• Soft Tissue and Peripheral Nerve Tumors

BP109P:

Human Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology I (Practical)

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

The objectives of this course are to:

1. Provide fundamental knowledge of the structure and functions of various organ systems of the human body.

2. Understand the mechanisms of homeostasis and their role in maintaining normal physiological functions.

3. Introduce the basic concepts of pathophysiology and the causes of diseases affecting different organ systems.

4. Explain the body’s physiological responses to disease-producing agents.

5. Lay the foundation for understanding clinical conditions through the study of functional alterations in organs and systems.

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO):

Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to:

1. Explain the principles, applications, and experimental use of microscopy techniques, and perform basic laboratory experiments related to the nervous system and special senses.

2. Describe the gross morphology, microscopic structure, and coordinated functioning of major human organs and organ systems, emphasizing their roles in maintaining normal physiology.

3. Estimate and interpret key hematological parameters, and explain the mechanisms of homeostasis along with related physiological and pathological disorders.

4. Discuss the etiology and pathogenesis of selected disease states, linking structural and functional changes to clinical manifestations.

5. Identify and explain common diseases with respect to their signs and symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic methods, preventive measures, treatment strategies, and possible complications.

Detailed Syllabus:

List of practical

(Minimum 12 experiments must be performed)

Practical HAPP allows the verification of physiological processes discussed in theory classes through experiments on living tissues, simulated videos, models and charts.

1. Study of compound microscopes.

2. Microscopic study of epithelial and connective tissue.

3. Microscopic study of muscular and nervous tissue.

4. Identification of axial bones.

5. Identification of appendicular bones.

6. Introduction to hemocytometry.

7. Demonstration of total blood count by cell analyser.

8. Enumeration and interpretation of white blood cell (WBC) count, differential count.

9. Enumeration and interpretation of total red blood corpuscles (RBC) count.

10. Determination of bleeding time and clotting time.

11. Estimation and interpretation of hemoglobin content.

12. Determination of blood group.

13. Determination and interpretation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).

14. Determination of pulse rate, heart rate and blood pressure.

15. Recording and interpretation of ECG.

16. To study the cardiovascular system and integumentary system.

17. Case studies/files of patients with anaemia, thalassemia, haemophilia, leprosy, gout, hypertension and ischemic heart disease.

Recommended References (Preferably latest editions):

1. Wilson, K.J.W., Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness. New York: Churchill Livingstone.

2. Guyton, A.C. and Hall, J.E., Textbook of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia: Elsevier.

3. Tortora, G.J. and Grabowski, S.R., Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. New York: Wiley.