Human Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology I

BP104T:

Human Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology I (Theory)

Course Objectives:

The objectives of this course are to:

1. Understand the structural organization of the human body from cells to systems.

2. Comprehend physiological functions of various body systems and the principles of homeostasis.

3. Learn the cellular basis of disease including injury, adaptation, and inflammation.

4. Recognize common pathological conditions related to skin, bones, joints, blood, cardiovascular system, and special senses.

5. Establish the groundwork for clinical interpretation of symptoms and disease mechanisms relevant to pharmacy and therapeutics.

Course Outcomes (CO):

Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to:

1. Explain the fundamental concepts of Human Anatomy, Physiology and Pathophysiology.

2. Explain the gross morphology, structure and functions of various organs of the human body.

3. Understand the etiology and pathogenesis of diseases/disorders associated with integumentary system, peripheral nervous system and cardiovascular system

4. Understand the basic mechanism behind inflammation

5. Identify and differentiate the various tissues and organs of different systems of human body.

Detailed Syllabus:

Unit I 

Introduction to human body

Cellular and tissue level of organization.

Definition and scope of anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology. Levels of structural organization and body systems, basic life processes, homeostasis, basic anatomical terminologies.

Structure and functions of cell, transport across cell membrane, cell division, cell junctions. General principles of cell communication, forms of intracellular signalling-

a) Contact-dependent, b) Paracrine, c) Synaptic, d) Endocrine Classification of tissues, structure, location and functions of epithelial, muscular and nervous and connective tissues.

Basic principles of cell injury and adaptation

Components and types of feedback systems, causes of cellular injury, pathogenesis (cell membrane damage, mitochondrial damage, ribosome damage and nuclear damage), morphology of cell injury – adaptive changes (atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia), cell swelling, intra cellular accumulation and cell death.

Definitions of commonly used relevant medical terminologies.

Unit II 

Integumentary system and wound healing

Structure and functions of skin. Skin disorders: Psoriasis and dermatitis and pathophysiology of Leprosy. Basic principles of wound healing.

Skeletal system and joints

Divisions of skeletal system, types of bones, salient features and functions of bones of axial and appendicular skeletal system.

Organization of skeletal muscle, physiology of muscle contraction, neuromuscular junction. Structural and functional classification of joints.

Diseases of bones and joints

Pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis and gout.

Unit III 

Body fluids, blood and lymphatic system

Body fluids, composition and functions of blood, hemopoiesis, formation of haemoglobin, mechanisms of coagulation, blood grouping, Rh factors and transfusion.

Lymphatic organs and tissues, lymphatic vessels, lymph formation, circulation and functions of lymphatic system.

Basic mechanism of inflammation and repair

Introduction, classification and pathophysiology of inflammation, mediators of inflammation.

Haematological diseases

Pathophysiology of iron deficiency, megaloblastic anaemia (Vit B12 and folic acid), sickle cell anaemia, Thalassemia, hereditary acquired anaemia and haemophilia.

Unit IV 

Peripheral nervous system

Classification of peripheral nervous system: structure and functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Origin and functions of spinal and cranial nerves.

Special senses

Structure and functions of eye, ear, nose and tongue. Pathophysiology of special sense disorders- glaucoma, cataract, myopia, otitis externa, otitis media, vertigo and anosmia

Unit V 

Cardiovascular system

Anatomy of heart, blood circulation, blood vessels, structure and functions of artery, vein and capillaries, elements of conduction system of heart and heartbeat, its regulation by autonomic nervous system, cardiac output, cardiac cycle. Regulation of blood pressure, pulse, electrocardiogram.

Pathophysiology of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease).

Recommended References (Preferably Latest Editions):

1. Sembulingam, K. and Sembulingam, P., Essentials of Medical Physiology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi.

2. Guyton, A.C. and Hall, J.E., Textbook of Medical Physiology. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, USA.

3. Tortora, G.J. and Grabowski, S.R., Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Wiley, Palmetto, GA, USA.

4. Kumar, V., Cotran, R.S. and Robbins, S.L., Basic Pathology. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.